ended on May 15, 1918 civil war in Finland
and Soviet Russian Federation is blown up. The garrison left on the Russian party of border. Next day, on May 16, to Helsinki passed magnificent parade of "white" Finns and helping them at a final stage of war of kayzerovsky armies. Finland till 1917 never had
Finland as Veliky Petr duchies, and upon — the deaf suburb of the kingdom. After transition to structure of the Russian Empire the arrangement of the new citizens "return" of the Vyborg province generally seized not at Finns, and at Swedes was succeeded to win Aleksandra I at the time of Veliky Petr. As a part of Russian Federation at Finland was special situation. Action of the Swedish legislation remained. There was the currency (brand), a state language (Swedish! ) even customs on border with Russian Federation. Formally there was even the parliament — Eduskunt (to Russian Federation it designated on Polish manners Diet), however, it long was not convoked. Any measures for russification or country settling by Russians it was not undertaken.
Long time of any Russophobic moods to Finland was not noted by. Everything exchanged at Nicolae's II , which listened to arguments about abnormality of exclusive situation Finland and began to correct a situation. But not by granting the Finnish liberties to the Russian provinces, and on the contrary — by reduction of the Finnish legislation to the all-Russian standard. On what the Finns who have got used to liberties answered with fierce russophobia.
Here should tell that Finns long ago, as a part of Sweden, accepted winning Europe a national paradigm and gradually became the classical bourgeois nation. Besides, they were mostly Lutherans, and those were very intolerant in those days of gentiles and heretics. Patriarchal rural Finnish society was extremely not tolerantly to any manifestations of the "wrong" behavior. The opinion extended presently on phenomenal tranquillity and peacefulness of Finns is a little exaggerated. To tell the truth, Finns are rather combative, and in the first half of the XX century — especially. For example, in Region of Southern Ostrobothnia (about 10% of the country) in the XIX century such traditions of hooligan daring to which modern Chechens or Kurds could envy even were strong.
When the liberals who have taken the power in the Russian Empire in February 1917th, proclaimedthe Russian Republic, they did not think that the empire is united by supranational idea, and in the bourgeois republics usually there are no uniting ideas, except nationalism. Therefore in the country "parade of sovereignties" began. Newspapers joked that any three persons who have formed a group on the street, apparently, form to create next "the independent republic". At such affairs Finland could not but simply proclaim independence.
on November 28, 1917 the Finnish parliament assumed all power in the country and created the government under the chairmanship of nationalist who has just returned from Siberian exile of the lawyer of the Feather Evind Svinkhuvud. And on December 6 the parliament approved the appeal to the foreign states with a request of recognition of independence Finland. The first the Bolshevist Government of the Russian Federation responded, which recognized Finland 18 (31 — on a Julian calendar) December, 1917. Such kind gesture is explained by that World revolution all the same was outlined, and something could be offered temporarily. And though with World revolution it did not turn out, all the same many national suburbs which have declared those days independence, were a part of CCCP.<"63>"
long before the independence announcement to Finland intensity between bourgeois nationalists, on the one hand, and various socialist Labour parties and movements — with another started increasing. The beginning of civil war can be counted since January 27, 1918 when on a tower of "the house of workers" to Helsinki red light — a signal to revolt lit up. Groups of working Finnish Red guard entered fight with nationalist "security groups" which were created from youth of the prosperous peasantry. "Security groups" ("shyutskor") were very similar to "national baht" in modern Ukraine.
Both parties were not really skillful in military science, but are extremely hardened. Thus "white" did not rely on enthusiasm of volunteers, and entered in the territory under control to them a general compulsory military service. But not it, and at all the help Germany, namely nationalism became the main factor of their victory. That property of the European people which was underestimated so by advocates of World revolution of the beginning of the last century. Nationalists could present to the Finnish inhabitant civil war under a look of "the Russian invasion". Therefore there were so many cases of murders of the Russians which have appeared those days to Finland. For the semiliterate Finnish peasant there was no difference between Russian and "red". Under it got not only absolutely apolitical soldiers of the Russian garrisons in the Finnish cities, but also not so not noticed in sympathies to "red" officers and civilians.
"White" were helped by Sweden, but not directly, and arms supplies and "volunteers". From Germany there arrived a battalion of the Finnish huntsmen (1800 people), for a long time battling against Russian Federation as a part of kayzerovsky armies and become frame of new Finnish army. Besides, belofinnam the Brest peace contract which chapter V Soviet Russian Federation it was directly forbidden to render assistance to "red" Finns strongly helped.
When there was a question of the direct help belofinnam the German armies, the general ordering the Finnish army Mannergeym Carl Gustav Emile was categorically against. He "trimmed the sails to the wind" and understood that Germany will suffer defeat in World war, and communication with a defeated party soon to Finns still will remember. And it happened, and in the known memoirs Mannergeym Carl Gustav Emile exhausted a lot of paper, justifying. However, then it was necessary to justify and for friendship with Hitler.
Anyway, since the beginning of April the German armies started arriving to Finland under command of the general Ruediger von der Golza. All about 15 000 German soldiers took part in civil war to Finland. Days of the Soviet republic were considered. On April 26 the "red" government ran to Petrograd, and the last boundary of defense was left on May 15. It was "Eno's" artillery fort of the Kronstadt Fortress, earlier bearing the name "Nikolaev". Though ammunition was enough, and from the sea the ships of the Baltic fleet could support a fort, the sense in resistance was not. Locks were removed from tools, defenders of a fort left through border, and the fort was blown up.
of Loss of "white" were made by about 5 000 people the killed, and "red" — more than 27 000. Such disproportion is explained not by any not skill "red", and boundless cruelty "white" in relation to unarmed and even to not combatants. Right after a victory "white" untied unprecedented terror. In the country which population made 3 million people, about 60 000 people from whom more than 12 000 simply exhausted tortures and hunger got to concentration camps (called by "prisoner-of-war camps"). 40 000 people should be released simply because there was nobody to work at plants. Memory of that short, but cruel war still is sometimes splashed out outside in the form of graffiti on walls and monuments in the Finnish cities.
