even to school students: having connected the weight and energy the well-known formula E = mc 2 , Albert Eynshteyn at the beginning of the XX century pointed to basic impossibility to anything possessing weight, to move in space quicker, than velocity of light in vacuum. However already this formulation contains openings, to bypass which quite on forces to some physical phenomena and particles. At least, to the phenomena existing in the theory.
the First opening concerns the word "weight": on bezmassovy particles Einstein restrictions do not extend. They do not concern and dense environments some enough in which velocity of light can be significantly less, than in vacuum. At last, at the appendix of sufficient energy the space can locally be deformed, allowing to move so that for the observer from outside, out of this deformation, movement will happen as if quicker than velocity of light.
Some such "superfast" phenomena and physics particles regularly fix
It seems to
However in such scheme even the first step completely cannot be realized
. The principle of uncertainty of Heisenberg imposes insuperable restrictions on accuracy with which "pair" parameters of a particle can be measured. For example, the better we know its impulse, the worse – coordinate, and vice versa. However Quantum teleportation are important feature that, actually, to measure particles and it is not necessary as it is not necessary anything and to restore – to receive couple of confused particles enough.
For example, for preparation of such confused photons we are required need a nonlinear crystal with the laser radiation of a certain wave. Then some of entering photons will break up to two confused – inexplicably connected so any change of a state of one instantly affects a condition of another. This communication is really inexplicable: mechanisms of quantum confusion remain are unknown though the phenomenon was shown and shown constantly. But this such phenomenon to get confused in which really it is easy – to add enough that before measurement any of these particles has no the necessary characteristic, thus whatever result we received, having measured the first, the state of the second will correlate oddly with our result.
the Mechanism Quantum teleportation, Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard, demand to add to couple of confused particles of only one additional participant – actually, the one whom we gather teleportirovat. Senders and recipients it is accepted to name Alice and Bob, and we will follow this tradition, having handed over to each of them on one of the confused photons. As soon as they will disperse on decent distance and Alice will decide to begin teleportation, it takes the necessary photon and measures its state together with a condition of the first of the confused photons. Uncertain wave function of this photon kollapsiruyet and instantly responds in Bob's second confused photon.
Unfortunately, Bob does not know, how exactly his photon reacts to behavior of a photon of Alice: to understand it, he should wait while it will send results of the measurements by mail, not quicker than velocity of light. Therefore to transfer any information on such channel it will not turn out, but the fact remains the fact. We teleportirovali condition of one photon. To pass to the person, it is necessary to scale technology, having captured each particle from only 7000 trillion trillions atoms of our body, – it is thought, from this break we are separated no more, than by eternity.
However Quantum teleportation and confusion remain one of the "hottest" subjects of modern physics. First of all use of such communication channels promises not cracked protection of transmitted data: to get access to them, malefactors it is required to take control not only the letter from Alice to Bob, but also access to Bob's confused particle and even if they will manage to reach and do to it measurements, it will forever change a condition of a photon and will be at once opened.
. The phenomenon was opened in 1934 by Cherenkov Pawel, working under the direction of Vavilov Sergei, three years later it received theoretical justification in works Tamm Igor and Franck Ilya, and in 1958 all participants of these works, except already died Vavilov Sergei, were awarded by the Nobel Prize on physics.
Really, the theory of relativity speaks only about velocity of light in vacuum. In other transparent environments light is slowed down, and is quite noticeable therefore on their border with air it is possible to observe refraction. The coefficient of refraction of glass is equal 1,49 – means, phase velocity of light in it is 1,49 times less, and, for example, at diamond refraction coefficient already 2,42, and velocity of light in it decreases more than twice. To other particles nothing prevents to fly quicker than light photons.
it happened to electrons which in experiments Cherenkov Pawel were beaten out by high-energy gamma radiation from the places in molecules of luminescent liquid. This mechanism often compare to education a shock sound wave when flying in the atmosphere at a supersonic speed. But it is possible to present and as run in crowd: moving quicker than light, electrons are carried by by other particles as if shouldering them – and on each centimeter of the way forcing to radiate angrily from several photons to several hundred.
Soon the same behavior was revealed and at all other enough pure and transparent liquids, and subsequently Cherenkov Pawel registered radiation even deeply at oceans. Certainly, light photons from a surface here really do not reach. But superfast particles which take off from small amounts of breaking-up radioactive particles, create from time to time a luminescence, probably, at the very least allowing to see to locals.
Radiation Cherenkov Pawel – Vavilov Sergei found for
Here the ant creeps on a sheet of paper. Its speed is insignificant, and on reaching from the left edge of the plane to right, at the poor creature leaves seconds 10. But once we take pity on it and to bend paper, having connected its edges, it instantly "teleports" in the necessary point. Something similar can be done and with our native space time, with that only a difference that the bend demands participation of others, indiscernable us measurements, forming space time tunnels, – the well-known wormholes, or the mole holes.
By the way, according to new theories, such mole holes are a certain existential equivalent of quantum phenomenon of a complexity already familiar to us. In general, their existence does not contradict any important representations of modern physics, including the general theory of relativity . But here maintenance of such tunnel in fabric of the Universe will require something which is a little similar to the real science, – hypothetical "an exotic matter" which possesses the negative density of energy. In other words, it has to be such matter which causes the gravitational... pushing away. It is difficult to present that sometime this exotic will be found and furthermore it is tamed.
as 
a Peculiar alternative to the mole holes even more exotic deformation of space time – movement in a bubble of the bent structure of this continuum can serve
Takhiona's
Photons – particles bezmassovy, as well as a neutrino and some other: their weight is equal in rest to zero and not to disappear finally, they are compelled to move always, and always – with velocity of light. However some theories assume existence and much more exotic particles – takhionov. Weight them, appearing in our favourite formula E = mc 2 , is set not simple, but the imaginary number including a special mathematical component, which square gives a negative number. This very useful property, and screenwriters of series "Star Trek" loved by us explained operation of the fantastic engine "with energy restraint takhionov".
Really, imaginary weight does the improbable: takhiony have to lose energy, being accelerated therefore for them everything in life is at all as we got used to think. Facing atoms, they lose energy and are accelerated so the following collision will be stronger which will take away even more energy and again will accelerate takhiony up to infinity. It is clear that such self-hobby simply breaks basic cause and effect dependences. It is possible therefore theorists study takhiony while only: in the nature while nobody saw a uniform example of disintegration of relationships of cause and effect and if you see, look for takhion, and the Nobel Prize is provided to you.
However theorists nevertheless showed that takhiony, maybe, and do not exist, but far back in the past quite could exist, and, on some representations, their infinite opportunities played an important role in the Big Bang. With presence takhionov explain the extremely unstable condition of false vacuum in which there could be a Universe till the birth. In such picture of the world moving quicker than light takhiony – the real basis of our existence, and emergence of the Universe is described as transition of a takhionny field of false vacuum to an inflationary field of the true. It should be added that all these quite dear theories in spite of the fact that the chief violators of laws Albert Eynshteyn and even relationship of cause and effect appear in it ancestors of all causes and effects.
If to argue philosophically, darkness it is simple absence of light, and they have to have identical speeds. But it is worth thinking more carefully: the darkness is capable to take the form moving where quicker. Name of this form – a shadow. Present that you show fingers a silhouette of a dog on an opposite wall. The beam from a lamp disperses, and the shadow from your hand becomes much more the hand. Rather slightest movement of a finger that the shadow from it on a wall was displaced on noticeable distance. And if we cast a shadow on the Moon? Or on the imagined screen further away? .
Hardly noticeable wave – and it will run across
to it not the decree. However, with shadows it is better not to play, after all they easily deceive us. It is worth returning to the beginning and to remember that darkness it is simple absence of light therefore no physical object at such movement is transferred. There are neither particles, nor information, space time deformations, there is only our illusion of that this separate phenomenon. In the real world no darkness will be able to be compared in speed to light.