Marvin Li Minski "The Emotion Machine": Chapter 2 "As our brain can operate by itself, despite the complexity"

§2-9 Models of and self-coherence

For the solution of a complex problem, it is necessary to develop the plan, but then you need to realize it. You will be not helped by existence of the step-by-step plan if you tend to give up business before it will be finished. It means that you need to have some level of "self-discipline" that, in turn, demands sufficient level of self-coherence which you can predict, to some extent, for a prediction, somewhat, that you from a bigger share of probability will do in the future. All of us know people who make skillful plans, but quite seldom realize them because that they actually do their models of that will not be coordinated, sufficiently, with their real actions. But how the car consisting of one trillion synapses in general to be predictable can? How our brain can operate by itself despite the complexity?

the Answer has to be the following: we learn to submit a thing incredibly simply, but is the extremely successful.

Thus, we will consider that we can describe the person is how significant using words. What forces us to squeeze the whole personality in the short phrase, like "Joan accurate" or "Carol clever" or "Charles tries to behave stately"? Why one person has to be as a whole tidy, instead of accurate in one business and chaotic in other? Why similar lines in general exist? In §9-2 We will see lines some ways by means of which there can be similar things:

In process of each person, we tend to develop certain installations which become so rigid that we (and as our friends) we can distinguish them as certain functions or lines, and to use these installations and knowledge for creation of idea of. Then, when we try to formulate plans, we can use these lines for a prediction of that we will do (and to refuse plans which we will not do). Every time when similar predictions work, we feel satisfaction that leads us to further training of according to these simplified descriptions. Thus, over time our imagined lines become each time more real.

Certainly, all this idea of is extremely simplified. We never will be able to learn about our own mental processes, and that that we call all our lines is only a set of coherences which we learned to perceive. Nevertheless, even it can be enough to help us to meet our expectations so this process can provide finally to us rather such feeling as "self-confidence".

All of us know the value of presence of friends who usually do that they speak. But it is much more useful to be able to trust yourself when you say to yourselves that you will make something! And, probably, the simplest way to start trusting itself — to make so that you agreed with images which you imagine about most, behaving according to the idea of which are described by a set of fig.
of
But how there were these lines? Certainly, it can genetically be caused partially — we can sometimes observe quieter or more excitable newborns. And, of course, some lines can be result of features of development. Anyway, other lines seem accurately received of contacts with our personal otpechatyvatel. whether

Is any risk available communications with too large number of people? It can lead to attempt to model itself proceeding from too big set of fig. of People with the coherent purposes usually the person burdened with the conflicts because the last needs more time for obtaining skills which will help to reach observed fig. has to prove to be better in affairs, than. The sequence also forces other people to feel safe in your environment.

It also concerns ourselves: if we think a lot plans too sharply, we will be never able to foretell that we will do farther. We never will be able to make many things if we are not able "to count on ourselves". However, on the other hand, we have to have opportunity to make a compromise. It would be precipitate to start carrying out any long-term plan, with mood not to be accepted to other purpose, yet you will not implement this plan. It would be especially dangerous to change itself on purpose never to allow any changes in again.

If the child has only one otpechatyvatel, or several, but with identical sets of values — for the child it will not be difficult to understand, what behavior is approving. However, if otpechatyvatel of the child have the conflict purposes, it can complicate to the child a choice of values which should be developed, or it can do will end nalichiya of a huge number of ambitions from which only some will develop adequately. Nevertheless, eventually, each of us has to deal with various people with various ideas therefore in model of existence of numerous otpechatyvatel there can be advantages.

the Majority of otpechatyvatel will care of values which are got by their children, therefore, they can try to keep children from attachment to persons with "doubtful character". Here an example in which we see similar concern in the researcher concerning his car!

B the 1950th, Arthur Samuel, the computer designer in IBM, developed the program which was trained to play chess so well that started beating some magnificent chess players people. Quality of work of the program improved when it competed with players more strongly. However, games against weak players reduced level of game of the program, so, that the programmer was compelled to turn off the training mode. Finally he allowed to play with this program only to the people participating in the championships of games of a master class.

When someone interacts with you, they, with bigger confidence, have the own purposes of communication therefore you have to try to estimate their intentions. Assume how exactly recruit recruits in cults. At first they move away you from all familiar places, and then force you "to decide" to break all your social links — in particular your family bonds. Then, when you will be torn off from all your friends, it becomes easy to undermine all your protection — while you will not ripen for acceptance as the otpechatyvatel of their own prophet, the seer or sacred. These experts really know schemes by means of which any stranger can program you, using a method which can help to suppress and force out ideals which you have.

We face the similar conflicts and in other areas. While your parents wanted to maintain your welfare at you in the head, businessmen can show big interest only in advance of richness of the firms.

Religious leaders can wish you the benefit, however they care of the temples and sects more. And when leaders awaken your pride of your nation, you can expect that you will be ready to offer life to outline any indistinct border. Each organization has own intentions and uses the members for the advance.

Individualist: I hope, you did not tell it in literal sense. The organization represents no more than a circle of the people involved in one business. It cannot have any purposes in itself, but it has the purposes which are supported by these people.

That means

, once someone assumes, what any system has intention or the purpose? In section §6-3 some conditions in which process can have own motives and the purposes will be discussed.

§2-10 Public

We discussed Otpechatyvateli only as applied training can work when the child is near Otpechatyvatel. It also can be connected with a phenomenon in which crowds of people get under influence of other people who "understand the public", appearing in mass media. One of ways to force the person to feel something desirable — it to put forward some proofs. Nevertheless, use of so-called "responses" which can not show at all a product is represented to more effective, but only assumes that use of this product is approved by any popular "celebrity". Why this method so well works? It is possible because these specific people are capable to cause the printed answer, and, thus, to modify the personal purposes of the audience more precisely.

Sociologist: Probably, it occurs only because when "celebrity" occupies "the central scene", it forces other people will concentrate on this area. Then, when the most part of audience is involved, the rest feel compelled to join them.

That that occurs can have a similar explanation, but all of us still have to ask a question that does "stars" popular. Physically attractive lines can help, but these actors and singers use something another: they are experts in feeling of emotional conditions of the person. Competing athletes are expert deceivers and therefore our popular leaders have to be same. Speaking to Bol generally, it is possible to become well-known helps to have some special shifts which force everyone listening to feel that "this person who communicates with me, it is very important". It forces listeners to feel more involved, and, therefore, are compelled to react to "star" in spite of the fact that there is not a dialogue, and a monologue!

Not everyone can control crowd. What technicians can affect so wide range of various minds so strongly? We need to know much more about tricks which our leaders use for formation of our purposes. May they include some methods by means of which they can establish fast connection with people?

Charisma, sushch. — the rare personal quality, attributed to leaders which awaken national devotion or enthusiasm.

What characteristics give to leaders ability to wake up feelings of charisma? Whether there are any special physical lines which work as "a point of manifestation of charisma"?

Politician: Usually, acting existence of a stately bearing, a deep voice and self-confidence helps. However, though the high growth and a volume figure draw the attention, some leaders were insignificant in appearance. And while some powerful speakers say their words with the deliberate intentions, some leaders and preachers talk profusely and shout, and still they manage to draw our attention.

Psychologist: In §2-7 you mentioned that "the speed and intensity of the answer" are important for creation of communications. But when someone makes a public statement, for these critical factors it is impossible to allocate enough place in performance because the speaking cannot react specifically to each listener.

of the Rhetorician can create similar illusion. Well prepared speech can be "interactive", at first bringing up questions in minds of listeners, and then answering the brought-up questions in due time. Though you also have no time to talk to each person, but you can interact, in the reason, with several typical listeners. Then many real listeners can feel that receive personal answers, though original dialogue — no. One of tricks for speaking is arrangement of pauses that listeners felt that during the speech address to them, but pauses should not be so long that they thought of contest of messages which hear. Besides, the speaker can not be necessary to be controlled all audience. If you are able to convince people of enough, pressure from people around will force the rest to agree with you.

Nevertheless, the crowd can take control over weaker and excessively reacting leader. Here one of great speakers who opposed it:

Klaud Glenn: "For me absence the audience, a full antonym of a large number of people, provides the greatest incentive for satisfaction of my own requirements, without existence of intellectual appetite, or its absence, at part of audience. In my own opinion, it is paradoxical, pursuing the most nartsissichesky relation to art satisfaction, it is possible to execute in the best way a fundamental obligation of the artist to give pleasure another. "

of People can even become attached to essence which does not exist, for example, to a legendary historical figure, to the fictional hero of the book, or to the mythical martyr, a dog, or god. All these heroes can become "virtual mentors" among other models which are in minds of the admirers. The person can even become attached to the abstract doctrine, dogma or religion, or to an icon or the image which represent these things. Really, when you will consider these words, you will understand that all our attachments are connected with a vymyshlennost. You never will create connection with the specific person, but only with model of this person which you made for submission of your main concepts about this person, irrespective of, whether are these people parents or friends, or simply temporary hobbies. we Conceal

in a way, the idea that the person receives the purposes from Otpechatyvately, makes sense in the earliest years of life. However in later life this way of receiving the purposes fades into the background as we take new forms of mentors and we find other ways of formation of our ambitions.

of the Summary

In this chapter were considered by
some questions of how people get the aims which they pursue. Some of these mechanisms represent instincts which come to us as genetic heritage, but others — it is local goals which we build for achievement of other purposes which we already have. I also assumed that some of our prime targets are created by special mechanisms which induce the person to accept values of other face who, in a consequence, become as I call them, Otpechatyvatelyami of the person.

of Otpechatyvatelyami are parents, friends or acquaintances to whom the person becomes "attached" because they actively react to needs of the specific person, and they can cause in us special feelings, such as fault, shame and pride. At first these Otpechatyvateli have to be present at a fulfillment of any business, but children are more senior can form "mental models" otpechatyvatel, and can use these models for an assessment of the purposes when otpechatyvatel are not any more nearby. Eventually these mental models develop in those feelings which we call conscience, values, ideals and ethics.

the Following head will attentively consider groups of feelings and thoughts which we call pain, a grief and sufferings to understand why they can be regarded as a kind of ways to think.

(I have to note that ideas of this chapter about Otpechatyvatelyakh are only my theoretical calculations and did not appear yet in books on psychology. These ideas can be as correct, and is not present. )


For the translation thanks to Sukhanitsky Stanislas who responded to my appeal in "the previous chapter". Who wants to help with the translation — pm or on magisterludi2016@yandex .ru

By the way, we started the translation of one more coolest book — "The Dream Machine: History of computer revolution" .

About the author

Marvin Li Minski (English Marvin Lee Minsky; On August 9, 1927 — on January 24, 2016) — the American scientist in the field of artificial intelligence, the co-founder of Laboratory of artificial intelligence in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [ Wikipedia ]

Interesting facts:

• Minsk was on friendly terms with the critic Blum Kharold from Yelsky university (Yelsky university) which "ominous Marvin Minsky" responded about it precisely.
Isaac Asimov described
• Azimov Ayzek.
• Marvin — the robot with artificial intelligence from a cycle of novels Adams Douglas The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and the movie The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (movie).
Minsk the contract on a freezing of the brain after death has
• in order that it "revived" in the future.
• in honor of Minsk called a dog of the main character in the movie the Throne: Heritage. [ Wikipedia ]